Students in this course will explore a popular, although yet to be comprehensively explained, phenomenon in the field of physiology – the presence of responders/non-responders following an intervention. With this perspective, this course is going to explore exercise physiology by having a look at individual responses – individuals just like you and me. In particular, students will explore why some individuals have a large increase in their peak rate of oxygen consumption (VO2) following exercise training while others do not. The constituents of VO2 will be deconstructed, which will allow for detailed exploration into the cardiovascular response to exercise and how unique individual differences may impact the ability to deliver oxygen to active skeletal muscles. This course will begin to explore the application of ‘precision phenotyping’ and ‘personalized training’, as a means to optimize an intervention to the unique attributes of an individual in order to promote a healthy lifestyle, maximize performance, and/or improve quality of life. The application of endurance exercise training in relation to various physiological thresholds will also be explored. This course will allow students to further develop their working knowledge of integrative physiology, while advancing their critical thinking and reasoning skills. As a whole, students will be able to broadly incorporate information from this course into the field of Kinesiology, whether in athletes, healthy individuals, or clinical populations.